English phonology - Consonants

Consonants

This is the English Consonantal System using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

	bilabial	labio- dental	dental	alveolar	post- alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
plosive	p  b			t  d			k  ɡ
nasal	m			n			ŋ 1
flap				ɾ 2
fricative		f  v	θ  ð 3	s  z	ʃ  ʒ 4	ç 5	x 6	h
affricate					tʃ  dʒ 4
approximant				ɹ 4		j
lateral approximant				l

	labial-velar
approximant	ʍ  w 7

1. The velar nasal [ŋ] is a non-phonemic allophone of /n/ in some northerly British accents, appearing only before /k/ and /g/. In all other dialects it is a separate phoneme, although it only occurs in syllable codas.
2. The alveolar flap [ɾ] is an allophone of /t/ and /d/ in unstressed syllables in North American English and Australian English.^[35] This is the sound of tt or dd in the words latter and ladder, which are homophones for many speakers of North American English. In some accents such as Scottish English and Indian English it replaces /ɹ/. This is the same sound represented by single r in most varieties of Spanish.
3. In some dialects, such as Cockney, the interdentals /θ/ and /ð/ are usually merged with /f/ and /v/, and in others, like African American Vernacular English, /ð/ is merged with dental /d/. In some Irish varieties, /θ/ and /ð/ become the corresponding dental plosives, which then contrast with the usual alveolar plosives.
4. The sounds /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /ɹ/ are labialised in some dialects. Labialisation is never contrastive in initial position and therefore is sometimes not transcribed. Most speakers of General American realize <r> (always rhoticized) as the retroflex approximant /ɻ/, whereas the same is realized in Scottish English, etc. as the alveolar trill.
5. The voiceless palatal fricative /ç/ is in most accents just an allophone of /h/ before /j/; for instance human /çjuːmən/. However, in some accents (see this), the /j/ is dropped, but the initial consonant is the same.
6. The voiceless velar fricative /x/ is used by Scottish or Welsh speakers of English for Scots/Gaelic words such as loch /lɒx/ or by some speakers for loanwords from German and Hebrew like Bach /bax/ or Chanukah /xanuka/. /x/ is also used in South African English. In some dialects such as Scouse (Liverpool) either [x] or the affricate [kx] may be used as an allophone of /k/ in words such as docker [dɒkxə]. Most native speakers have a great deal of trouble pronouncing it correctly when learning a foreign language. Most speakers use the sounds [k] and [h] instead.
7. Voiceless w [ʍ] is found in Scottish and Irish English, as well as in some varieties of American, New Zealand, and English English. In most other dialects it is merged with /w/, in some dialects of Scots it is merged with /f/.

Phonology - Vowels

Phonology

Main article: English phonology

Vowels

IPA	Description	word
monophthongs
i/iː	Close front unrounded vowel	bead
ɪ	Near-close near-front unrounded vowel	bid
ɛ	Open-mid front unrounded vowel	bed
æ	Near-open front unrounded vowel	bad
ɒ	Open back rounded vowel	box 1
ɔ/ɑ	Open-mid back rounded vowel	pawed 2
ɑ/ɑː	Open back unrounded vowel	bra
ʊ	Near-close near-back rounded vowel	good
u/uː	Close back rounded vowel	booed
ʌ/ɐ/ɘ	Open-mid back unrounded vowel, Near-open central vowel	bud
ɝ/ɜː	Open-mid central unrounded vowel	bird 3
ə	Schwa	Rosa's 4
ɨ	Close central unrounded vowel	roses 5
diphthongs
e(ɪ)/eɪ	Close-mid front unrounded vowel Close front unrounded vowel	bayed 6
o(ʊ)/əʊ	Close-mid back rounded vowel Near-close near-back rounded vowel	bode 6
aɪ	Open front unrounded vowel Near-close near-front unrounded vowel	cry
aʊ	Open front unrounded vowel Near-close near-back rounded vowel	bough
ɔɪ	Open-mid back rounded vowel Close front unrounded vowel	boy
ʊɚ/ʊə	Near-close near-back rounded vowel Schwa	boor 9
ɛɚ/ɛə/eɚ	Open-mid front unrounded vowel Schwa	fair 10

Notes:

It is the vowels that differ most from region to region.

Where symbols appear in pairs, the first corresponds to American English, General American accent; the second corresponds to British English, Received Pronunciation.

1. American English lacks this sound; words with this sound are pronounced with /ɑ/ or /ɔ/.
2. Many dialects of North American English do not have this vowel. See Cot-caught merger.
3. The North American variation of this sound is a rhotic vowel.
4. Many speakers of North American English do not distinguish between these two unstressed vowels. For them, roses and Rosa's are pronounced the same, and the symbol usually used is schwa /ə/.
5. This sound is often transcribed with /i/ or with /ɪ/.
6. The diphthongs /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ are monophthongal for many General American speakers, as /eː/ and /oː/.
7. The letter <U> can represent either /u/ or the iotated vowel /ju/. In BRP, if this iotated vowel /ju/ occurs after /t/, /d/, /s/ or /z/, it often triggers palatalization of the preceding consonant, turning it to /ʨ/, /ʥ/, /ɕ/ and /ʑ/ respectively, as in tune, during, sugar, and azure. In American English, palatalization does not generally happen unless the /ju/ is followed by r, with the result that /(t, d,s, z)jur/ turn to /tʃɚ/, /dʒɚ/, /ʃɚ/ and /ʒɚ/ respectively, as in nature, verdure, sure, and treasure.
8. Vowel length plays a phonetic role in the majority of English dialects, and is said to be phonemic in a few dialects, such as Australian English and New Zealand English. In certain dialects of the modern English language, for instance General American, there is allophonic vowel length: vowel phonemes are realized as long vowel allophones before voiced consonant phonemes in the coda of a syllable. Before the Great Vowel Shift, vowel length was phonemically contrastive.
9. This sound only occurs in non-rhotic accents. In some accents, this sound may be, instead of /ʊə/, /ɔ:/. See pour-poor merger.
10. This sound only occurs in non-rhotic accents. In some accents, the schwa offglide of /ɛə/ may be dropped, monophthising and lengthening the sound to /ɛ:/.

See also

• International Phonetic Alphabet for English for more vowel charts.

澳洲常见职业年薪及展望

澳洲常见职业年薪及展望

产业工人，发电厂操作员和矿产爆破工人现在也成为澳大利亚收入最高的阶层，和牙医、医生和律师比肩。借矿产繁荣的东风，该行业薪资在过去 20 年增长达 298% ，使从业人员周薪达到 1423-1974 元，年薪超过 10 万。另一方面，销售新丁，厨师和美发师收入最少，周薪最低的只有 394 元 (年薪 20488 元) 。


尽管在过去 20 年薪资增长很快，护士和教师仍然算不上最高收入阶层。其中教师薪资增加 205% ，小学教师每周收入 1062 元，中学教师 1149 元。


澳洲中学的技术、自然科学及数学教师严重短缺, 外国语言教师也出现不足。部分教师的年薪酬起点为 3.5 万澳元开始，在十年内提升至 5 万澳元。


由于需求量的增加，很多行业都需招募各类的社会工作者，例如在教育方面、医疗护理、心 理辅导、婚姻辅导、酿酒和毒品方面的辅导及对年迈者的照顾等，因此这类行业都有着相当好的就业前景，特别是在教育、医疗护理及心理辅导方面。社会工作者除 了在政府部门工作外，也可任职于志愿福利团体、教会及社区中心，从事有关社会福利、健康、社区发展等工作。这个职业的薪酬起点为每年 3.2 万澳元，高的可达到 5.5 万澳元 .


护士因为技术工人短缺，其薪资增长在过去 20 年达 244%。他们的平均周薪达到 961 元。护士入职薪金为年 3.1 万澳元，不过由于要轮班，一般比底薪多一些，有八年经验的注册护士的底薪为年 4.3 万澳元，而护士长得薪酬则达到年 8.7 万余澳元。目前护士是以女性占大多数，男护士只占百分之十几。


秘书的入职薪金为年 3 万澳元，顶尖的私人助理及行政助理则有大约年 8 万澳元的薪酬。


在旅游业，从业员需要竞争职位，薪酬是依据经验而定的。不过入职的起薪点大约为年 2.6-3.3 万澳元。数年后会提升至大约年 4 万澳元。至于高薪职员则可赚大约年 6.5 万澳元。


澳洲的会计人材很多，都受聘于大商业机构。一个会计的入职起薪点大约为年 3 万澳元。有经验及能力的人士可赚取六位数字的薪酬。税务会计师可赚取 4.5-6.5 万澳元。一个有多于三年经验的税务顾问的薪酬 4.4-5.5 万澳元。有六到七年经验的则可赚取 6.7-7.2 万澳元。所以会计师的薪酬的前景是很可观的。


根据澳大利亚统计局数据，经济学家，IT 工人和矿业工程师薪资增长最快。自 1986 年以来增长幅度分别是 243% 和 407% 。


无可否认信息行业是目前最蓬勃发展的行业。澳洲信息工业委员会估计有 2 万个职位空缺，这是因为人材流失海外所致。计算机已进入各行各业，甚至规划、工程、测量及工业设计待业都使用电脑。电脑从业员的薪酬亦水涨船高。一个程序设计员的入职起薪点是年 4.5 万澳元，不过一个程序发展经理的薪酬确是 15 万澳元。网络行政人员的薪酬为 4.5 万澳元，而网络经理则是 11 万澳元。从事这个行业的 23-25 随人士的薪酬比其他行业同年龄段的好得多。


在环保方面，政府设有不少新职位，例如环境保护主任、非法捕鱼纠察员及公园护林员等。


近年澳洲的农业和酿酒兴旺，随之而来的是职位的增加。在这方面，最大的需求是农业顾问，一个农业顾问起薪点是年 3-3.5 万澳元，在两年后成为专家顾问时薪酬可达年 8.5 万澳元。


庭院设计也是一个正在起飞的行业，工作范围包括设计、建造及维修等。而为高尔夫球场、马场、木球场及足球场铺设草地的工作员，资深的员工薪酬可达年 10 万澳元 .

加拿大 澳大利亚 新西兰

1，在移民监方面，澳大利亚对于新移民在移民监方面要求比加拿大宽松。 加拿大要求新移民每年都必须住满183天 才能保住移民身份，而澳大利亚要求五年内住满两年即可保住移民身份。因此澳大利亚的移民监允许你更灵活地安排时间。新西兰的移民监是最松的。如果你即要一 个外国居民的身份，又要保住中国护照以便回中国工作的话，新西兰要比澳大利亚和加拿大都更加理想得多。在澳大利亚和加拿大，只要你不入国籍，你此生都必须 永远坐移民监，而且是你们全家的成年人都需要一起坐移民监。而在新西兰，只需要主申请人一个人单独坐移民监就可以保住全家人的身份。如果主申请人在头两年 满足了居住要求的话（比如，每年住满了183天，或者虽然没有住满183天，但是每年住满了41天并且满足"与新西兰有恒久联系"的要求，比如，在新西兰有固定住宅，子女生在新西兰，将全球所得向新西兰政府报税等等），那么全家人就都可以拿到一个永久回头签证（Indefinite visa），从此你们全家人就不用再蹲一天的移民监了，可以远走高飞去别的地方干你们的事情去，同时不会丢掉你们的新西兰移民身份。如果要入国籍，加拿大要求你实际必须住满三年，而澳大利亚只要求你实际住满一年零11个月（法律规定住满两年，两年中可以离境一个月）。新西兰要求申请人本人实际住满两年零二天（法律规定：申请国籍之前的三年住在新西兰，三年中离境时间不超过12个月，单次离境不超过6个月。以12周内住满8周为三年的起点，申请国籍时亦必须在过去8周内住在新西兰）。

2， 退休金问题。等你65岁时，你就到了澳大利亚、加拿大和新西兰三国所规定的可以领取退休金的年龄了。这时如果你在澳大利亚和新西兰居住了10年（必须是在18岁以后居住的才算，18岁以前的居住不算；加拿大同），你可以领到百分之百的全额退休金（新西兰还规定：这10年中必须有5年是在55岁之后居住的）。而加拿大规定：居民必须在加拿大住满40年才能领到百分之百的全额退休金，少住一年就减去四十分之一；住满10年方有资格领取退休金。举个例子：如果到了65岁领退休金的法定年龄，你已经在加拿大住满了9年，那么你一分钱也领不到（澳大利亚、新西兰同），而到了你66岁，同时已经住满了10年的时候，如果在澳大利亚，或者在新西兰并且这十年中有五年是55岁以后在新西兰度过的，你就可以领取百分之百的退休金，而在加拿大，你只能领取四分之一（10年除以40年＝四分之一），到67岁时你可以领取百分之二十七点五（11年除以40年＝27.5%），由此类推，到你96岁， 才能领到全额退休金，而且前题是：你没有在此期间跑到美国或中国等加拿大以外的地方去居住。当然，在这几个国家，你都可以在政府设立的退休基金中另外得到 一份退休金，这第二份退休金必须是在你有工作并且缴纳了费用的情况下才能享用。你可以同时领取两份退休金，它们彼此不矛盾。

 

3， 护照或居民身份带来的便利方面： 以 澳大利亚居民的身份，你可以随意进入新西兰居住和生活，并且得到新西兰居民同样的待遇。其它国家的身份做不到这一点。持加拿大护照可以自由进入美国，但是 得不到居民待遇，找工作也受限制。比如，如果你在美国找的工作不是季节性的农场帮工，而是一个白领工作，那么你还要特别申请。新西兰的护照允许你去澳大利 亚不受限制地工作和居住，但是在福利方面得不到澳大利亚居民待遇。

 

4， 机会方面，澳大利亚离亚洲近，是距离中国最近的西方国家，也是一个面向亚洲的国家。很多跨国公司将其亚太总部设在悉尼。加拿大挨着美国这个机会多的大市场。新西兰离澳大利亚近，但是远离其它大市场。新西兰太小，工作机会少，而且工资低。

 

5， 澳大利亚对非白人的种族歧视问题比加拿大严重。几十年前曾经有臭名昭著的"白澳政策"，对土著人的政策也显示出侵犯人权的问题。现在还有反亚裔移民的"单一民族党"。新西兰也不象加拿大那样多元化。加拿大华人地位据信是最高的。

 

6， 如果你老爸是亿万富翁，可千万不要去澳大利亚和新西兰，一定要去加拿大，否则你得到的遗产会被澳大利亚和新西兰政府用遗产税的名义给掠走一大半的。

 

7， 澳大利亚气候好，属地中海型气候，四季如春。加拿大一年中很长的时间是冬季。作为旅游者，你会喜欢雪，但常年累月的住在那里，就不好玩了。新西兰气候比澳大利亚凉。

 

8， 对于追求悠闲的生活节奏、以及家里有儿童的人来说，新西兰是个天堂。很多其它地方有的一些麻烦事，例如犯罪、环境污染等，新西兰少得多。新西兰的住宅大都有自己的花园，草地面积大。适合户外活动。

 

9， 按联合国95年实行的一种新的方式排列贫富，考虑到自然资源等因素，澳大利亚是世界第一的富国。加拿大排第二。

 

当然，如果你是一个亿万富翁，以上这些对你的意义不大，你持塞拉利昂护照住在中国，也会过得很好，可以周游世界。 以上所有情况都是这几个国家目前的政策和情况。不排除今后发生变化的可能性

AU VS CA

对比如下:　　1。加拿大护照：事实是加拿大护照比澳洲更方便。加拿大护照能免签国家比澳洲多，澳洲护照到一些欧洲国家要签证。(法国，西班牙)
　　2。物价：你只有长期居住两地，才能真正比较。我认识3个从澳洲移加的女孩，都说澳洲物价比加拿大贵。加拿大有 不少CHEAP 的MALL，如WALMART，$2。73 1箱12罐可乐。0。39$一磅香蕉。50寸电视机才2000$。上网有许多FREEISP，unlimited,我现在用的 $9。98unlimited,电话费$25 /momth,unlimited.打去中国我用$0。28/min 的电话公司。如用电话卡$10打62mins to CHINA，更便宜。上网普及率加拿大世界第二，53%，仅次于美国56%，新闻里刚看到.
　　3.失业率：新移民失业率加拿大是比澳洲高，这是加拿大错误的移民政策造成的每年有近20万人移民加拿大，而澳洲才不到7 万，更可悲的是，造成大量不合格的技术移民，英语差，技术落后，这些人的确找不到工作。如果他们来澳洲，也是一样，除非澳洲的工司不在乎他们是否会说英语。而真正英语好，水平高的，最快 2week 就找到60000$的工作.
　　4。收入：我都提供数据来源了，不只你的排名数据从和而来？再说，只有WORLD BANK AND IMF 的数据最准确。在国内，老听别人说澳洲工资不高，50000 都算高薪。不过我在网上比较过两国的IT 工资，同一职务，加拿大略高，不过基本相差不大。澳洲现在工资的确有进步。比华人，加拿大华人比美国都有钱，全是香港，台湾的最用钱的人。去温哥华就知道了。多伦多大多大陆来的新移民，比较穷。
　　5。美国：许多加拿大公民去美国工作，很少有人去办绿卡的，加拿大福利比美国好的多，许多人住WINSODR，VANCOUVOR，上班到美国的底的律，西雅图。加拿大公民可无限期住美国，出入境不用盖章，无需签证，而其他国家公民要办落地签证，ONLY 3月。加拿大公民在=美国工作不用等H1B签证，其他国家公民即使有了H1签证，也不能随意跳槽，(要公司帮办绿卡)，可加拿大公民可享有TN签证，一年换一次，没有配额限制,所以加拿大
　　公民根本不需要US 绿卡。一样可以工作，生活到退休，然后回加拿大。
　　6。 加拿大东部气候的确不行，其实整个北美洲东海岸都不好，你到温哥华就知道为什么他是世界最美的城市了。 　

Global MBA Rankings 2007 - from ft

Current rank	Business school name	Country*	Weighted salary (US$)	Salary percentage increase	Employed at three months (%)
1	University of Pennsylvania: Wharton	U.S.A.	160497	132	91 (97)
2	Columbia Business School	U.S.A.	149230	144	94 (95)
3	Harvard Business School	U.S.A.	156672	113	94 (99)
3	Stanford University GSB	U.S.A.	167744	118	94 (99)
5	London Business School	U.K.	135522	122	96 (98)
6	University of Chicago GSB	U.S.A.	139251	131	95 (100)
7	Insead	France / Singapore	140551	94	90 (95)
8	New York University: Stern	U.S.A.	131349	136	92 (100)
9	Dartmouth College: Tuck	U.S.A.	144995	132	97 (99)
10	Yale School of Management	U.S.A.	134733	151	92 (100)
11	Ceibs	China	146410	159	99 (92)
11	IE Business School	Spain	113450	149	91 (89)
13	IMD	Switzerland	153148	91	94 (99)
14	MIT: Sloan	U.S.A.	143839	119	94 (96)
15	University of Cambridge: Judge	U.K.	127418	121	81 (72)
16	Iese Business School	Spain	104284	136	98 (95)
17	UCLA: Anderson	U.S.A.	140627	124	93 (96)
18	HEC Paris	France	111223	125	85 (90)
19	Northwestern University: Kellogg	U.S.A.	132312	105	95 (100)
19	University of Michigan: Ross	U.S.A.	127149	114	85 (95)
19	University of Oxford: Saïd	U.K.	127966	107	89 (89)
22	Manchester Business School	U.K.	106913	128	85 (91)
23	Duke University: Fuqua	U.S.A.	123409	115	89 (100)
24	Esade Business School	Spain	97982	136	95 (91)
25	UC Berkeley: Haas	U.S.A.	126891	96	94 (98)
26	University of Virginia: Darden	U.S.A.	131136	127	93 (100)
27	University of Toronto: Rotman	Canada	96643	125	94 (95)
28	Lancaster University Management School	U.K.	102957	114	95 (97)
29	Cornell University: Johnson	U.S.A.	125921	107	95 (99)
30	RSM Erasmus University	Netherlands	104062	105	99 (81)
30	University of Maryland: Smith	U.S.A.	108303	109	95 (100)
32	University of North Carolina: Kenan-Flagler	U.S.A.	115766	116	91 (98)
33	Emory University: Goizueta	U.S.A.	115787	115	93 (100)
34	Georgetown University: McDonough	U.S.A.	110072	129	89 (91)
34	University of Arizona: Eller	U.S.A.	91137	142	89 (100)
36	Warwick Business School	U.K.	97965	102	93 (90)
37	Cranfield School of Management	U.K.	119688	97	94 (100)
38	Michigan State University: Broad	U.S.A.	94911	123	93 (100)
38	University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign	U.S.A.	88450	120	94 (87)
38	University of Rochester: Simon	U.S.A.	110157	126	91 (91)
41	University of Western Ontario: Ivey	Canada	98768	108	92 (90)
42	SDA Bocconi	Italy	90521	108	83 (93)
43	Carnegie Mellon: Tepper	U.S.A.	108975	109	95 (94)
43	Pennsylvania State University: Smeal	U.S.A.	96969	128	95 (90)
45	University of Iowa: Tippie	U.S.A.	91473	126	94 (97)
45	University of Minnesota: Carlson	U.S.A.	93406	113	98 (97)
47	Rice University: Jones	U.S.A.	109867	115	96 (97)
48	Purdue University: Krannert	U.S.A.	100376	108	97 (86)
49	Australian Graduate School of Management	Australia	115693	81	83 (78)
49	University of California at Irvine: Merage	U.S.A.	98904	107	83 (100)
49	York University: Schulich	Canada	82508	104	92 (82)
52	Boston College: Carroll	U.S.A.	106719	111	96 (98)
52	University of Cape Town Graduate School of Business	South Africa	162626	86	91 (93)
54	Edinburgh University Management School	U.K.	102306	97	90 (93)
54	SMU: Cox	U.S.A.	107642	124	75 (87)
56	Imperial College London: Tanaka	U.K.	112238	85	95 (83)
57	Arizona State University: Carey	U.S.A.	98462	110	95 (96)
57	Brigham Young University: Marriott	U.S.A.	94039	129	96 (99)
57	Thunderbird School of Global Management	U.S.A.	98496	105	48 (96)
57	University of Washington Business School	U.S.A.	96850	102	96 (98)
61	Vanderbilt University: Owen	U.S.A.	102703	117	87 (99)
62	Boston University School of Management	U.S.A.	106219	111	92 (93)
62	Coppead	Brazil	94486	131	63 (100)
62	University of Texas at Austin: McCombs	U.S.A.	108928	95	94 (94)
65	Indiana University: Kelley	U.S.A.	102934	107	89 (98)
65	University of Notre Dame: Mendoza	U.S.A.	99756	117	97 (83)
67	George Washington University	U.S.A.	95633	103	88 (91)
67	Nanyang Business School	Singapore	74283	110	91 (98)
67	Washington University: Olin	U.S.A.	101620	97	86 (95)
70	Bradford School of Management/TiasNimbas Business School	U.K. / Netherlands / Germany	87954	107	81 (72)
70	Trinity College Dublin	Ireland	118297	90	62 (54)
72	University of South Carolina: Moore	U.S.A.	82962	110	88 (99)
73	City University: Cass	U.K.	103956	83	96 (96)
73	University of Bath School of Management	U.K.	100850	85	94 (86)
73	University of Southern California: Marshall	U.S.A.	107362	97	90 (92)
76	University of California: Davis	U.S.A.	96200	102	91 (98)
77	University of British Columbia: Sauder	Canada	83226	85	78 (88)
78	Birmingham Business School	U.K.	87705	97	63 (55)
79	College of William and Mary: Mason	U.S.A.	97240	113	82 (97)
79	Melbourne Business School	Australia	105071	83	75 (73)
81	National University of Singapore	Singapore	79794	92	100 (61)
82	Case Western Reserve University: Weatherhead	U.S.A.	92222	109	80 (90)
83	University of Georgia: Terry	U.S.A.	92923	102	92 (99)
84	University of Pittsburgh: Katz	U.S.A.	94741	100	94 (95)
85	Nyenrode Business Universiteit	Netherlands	100865	98	43 (57)
85	Texas A & M University: Mays	U.S.A.	87244	108	98 (100)
87	Temple University: Fox	U.S.A.	81956	106	87 (90)
88	Wake Forest University: Babcock	U.S.A.	91114	112	81 (98)
89	Babson College: Olin	U.S.A.	105254	91	94 (93)
90	McGill University: Desautels	Canada	88293	87	82 (70)
90	Ohio State University: Fisher	U.S.A.	90077	101	96 (85)
92	University of Wisconsin-Madison	U.S.A.	94119	91	95 (98)
93	Leeds University Business School	U.K.	94755	78	95 (95)
93	Nottingham University Business School	U.K.	88961	89	90 (88)
95	Tulane University: Freeman	U.S.A.	92739	110	93 (95)
96	University of Durham Business School	U.K.	90766	72	87 (78)
97	Georgia Institute of Technology	U.S.A.	89838	90	94 (99)
98	University College Dublin: Smurfit	Ireland	100817	72	94 (95)
99	University of Miami School of Business	U.S.A.	90667	101	77 (95)
100	Eada	Spain	77188	109	88 (100)
Table Note
Although the headline ranking figures show the changes in the survey year to year, the pattern of clustering among the schools is also significant. Some 205 points separate the top school from the school ranked 100 in the 2007 ranking. The top 16 schools, from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania to Iese Business School, form the leading group of world class business schools. The second group is headed by the Anderson School at UCLA. Some 40 points separate the Anderson School from the University of North Carolina Kenan-Flagler Business School, which leads the next group. The fourth group is headed by Edinburgh University Management School and includes schools ranked from 54 to 100. Some 51 points separate these 47 schools. However, there are very few points separating schools within this group.

ICT industry

1. I dont think Japan and US are the toppest countries in ICT industry especially Communication technology.
2. Is China's ICT industry output so much ?
----
Output of ICT (information and communications technology) by Chinese companies will triple by 2010, taking it past Japan and the U.S. to become the world's leading ICT producer, the Xinhua news agency reported Monday, quoting the official People's Daily newspaper. Xu Qing, vice director of the high-tech division of China's National Development and Reform Committee, said that ICT industry output this year will reach 2.4 trillion renminbi ($290 billion), placing it third in the world. Growth is occurring strongly in areas such as digital television, integrated circuit manufacturing and third-generation (3G) telecommunication services, Xinhua said. ICT accounted for 30% of the country's economic output in the first 10 months of this year, Xinhua said.

Top countries by IT usage

World Economic Forum ranked world countries on maths and science teaching, affordability of telephone connection charges, purchasing of information and communications technology (ICT) and the priority given to ICT by governments.

1. Singapore
2. Iceland
3. Finland
4. Denmark
5. United States of America
6. Sweden

PMP Study Guide - 1: Building the Project Management Framework

Project Integration Management

• The creation and approval of the project plan
• Executing the project plan
• Managing , controlling, and documenting changes to the project plan
  

Project Scope Management

• Initiating the project
• Planning the project scope
• Defining the exact porject scope
• Verifying the project scope
• Controlling project scope
  

Project Cost Management
  can rely on your historical information
  can use a mathematical formula called parametric modeling
  rely on traditional bottom-up estimations

• Planning for resource allocation
• Providing accurate cost estimates
• Creating the project budget
• Using project management cost control techniques
• Proving project financial accountability

Project Quality Management

• Planning for project quality
• Adhering to quality assurance
• Enforcing set quality control systems

Project Human Resource Management

• Developing a project organizational structure consistent with the organization's own structure
• Fulfilling staff acquisitions
• Developing the project team

Project communications Management

• Planning effective communications
• Designing information retrieval systems
• Reporting on the project team and on the project performance
• Following the Communications Management Plan to close out the project

Project Risk Management

• Planning for risk management
• Identify risks
• Using qualitative risk analysis
• Using quantitative risk analysis
• Creating project risk response plans
• Actively monitoring and reacting to project risks

Project Procurement Management

• Planning for project procurement
• Planning for solicitation
• Management Project solicitation
• Selecting vendors
• Management and creating procurement documents
• Administering and closing project contracts

PMP Study Guide - 1: introducing project management

what is a project ?

a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service.
temporary: means that the project , thankfully, has an end date.
unique: means that the project's end result is different than the result of other functions of the organization.

defining project management

project management is the supervision and control of the work required to complete the project vision.

• project integration management
• project scope management
• project time management
• project cost management
• project quality management
• project human resource management
• project communications management
• project risk management
• project procurement management
  

IPECC

Initiating
Planning
Executing
Controlling
Closing